KAlgebra/Probabilities/da

Denne side viser nogle anvendelser af KAlgebra på sandsynlighedsproblemer.

Introduktion

Lad os sige, at vi har 5 terninger og vi ønsker at spille hasard med dem.

Teorien bag spillet

Først må vi analysere en terning:

Sandsynligheden for at terningen viser et givet antal øjne er 1/6 eller 16,667% da hvert af de 6 mulige udfald er lige sandsynlige.

Sandsynligheden for at få hvert antal øjne er vist til højre

    1    16.667%
    2	 16.667%
    3    16.667% 
    4	 16.667% 
    5    16.667% 
    6	 16.667% 

Når vi bruger to terninger, så ser de anderledes ud:

    2	 2.778%
    3	 5.556%
    4	 8.333%
    5 	 11.111%
    6 	 13.889%
    7 	 16.667%
    8 	 13.889%
    9	 11.111%
    10   8.333%
    11	 5.556%
    12   2.778%

Hvorfor er sandsynlighederne for hvert antal øjne så forskellige, spørger du måske. Svaret er enkelt. Lad os tage "4" som eksemple og finde alle kombinationer af to terninger med sum 4:

   1+3 = 4
   3+1 = 4
   2+2 = 4

Vi skal altså lægge sandsynlighederne for disse begivenheder sammen for at få den samlede sandsynlighed for at få 4. Lad os teste dette:

  Prob(1,3) + Prob(3,1) + Prob(2,2) = 1/6 * 1/6 + 1/6 * 1/6 + 1/6 * 1/6 = 0.08333 = 8,333%

Hvis vi har 5 terninger, så skal vi på tilsvarende måde finde antallet af måder at få hvert resultat på. Vi bruger så samme måde til at finde sandsynligheden for hver sum hvis der er et andet antal terninger.

Sandsynlighedsproblemet

Nu vil vi undersøge, hvad sandsynligheden for at få "6" 3 gange når vi kaster med 5 terninger.

Vi skal finde sandsynligheden for den første terning gange sandsynligheden for den anden gange sandsynligheden for den tredje gange sandsynligheden for den terning gange sandsynligheden for den femte \

Terningerne kan for eksempel viser 6 6 6 2 3, men de kan også være 5 6 6 6 1, så vi må bruge en binomialkoefficient til at tælle disse tilfælde. For at få binomialkoefficienten for at få M ud af N bruger vi følgende formel i KAlgebra:

factorial(N) / (factorial(M) * factorial(N-M))

Det kan vi definere således:

comb:=(N,M)->factorial(N) / (factorial(M) * factorial(N-M))

Binomialkoefficienten for at få 3 ud af 5 mulige er:

comb(5,3)

=	10

så vores endelige funktion bliver:

(comb(5, 3)*(1/6)*(1/6)*(1/6)*(5/6)*(5/6))

=	0.0321502

Vi kan nu definere en enkel funktion til at beregne resultatet:

binomial:=(b, p, k)->(comb(b, k)*p^k)*(1-p)^(b-k)

Så nu:

binomial(5, 1/6,3)

=	0.0321502

Dette er sandsynligheden for at få 3 seksere med 5 terninger når sandsynligheden for en terning er 1/6 og sandsynligheden for, at en terning ikke bliver en sekser dermed er 5/6

Vi kan bemærke at summen af sandsynlighederne er 1:

sum(binomial(5,1/6,t):t=0..5)

=	1

We can think that the probability progress until the maximum value and then it decrease constantly as it has progressed. So we can see that the distribution of numbers among the extraction is like a bell, this kind of distribution is called a binomial distribution.

So now we understand that the game is non balanced, there are probabilities better than other so who choose the best can win easily.

The only way to have a fair game is to gambling with only one die because each face has 1/6 of probability. Another type of equiprobal chances are the launch of a coin where each face is 1/2 of probability.

A simple way where a player can win is to improve the probability on a face so it will be unbalanced, for istance the bank in a game can put a small load on the face with '6' so the probabilities change and the dice now became:

0.15 	 1
0.15	 2
0.15	 3
0.15	 4
0.15	 5
0.25	 6

So now if we roll the 5 dices with this probability and we want 3 '6' to win the total probability is:

binomial(5,0.25,3)

=	0.087890625

Snapshot of KAlgebra window doing calculations about probabilities

Real World Example

There are two person, the bank and the player. Let's say they have 5 dices and the entrance fee for player is 1$. We can create a game like this:

0 to 1 times dice with '6': player loses 1$ with the fee

2 to 3 times dice with '6': player win 1$ with the fee

4 times dice with '6': player win 175$ with the fee

5 times dice with '6': player win 375$ with the fee

k times '6'	win or loose
0	-1$
1	-1$
2	1$
3	1$
4	175$
5	375$

Let's calculate the probability:

Probability for player:

The player can win only with 2-3 times 6, 4 times 6 or 5 times 6, so if we want to process the probability with KAlgebra it will be:

binomial(5,1/6,2)+binomial(5,1/6,3)+binomial(5,1/6,4)+binomial(5,1/6,5)

=	0.196244855967

Probability for bank:

The bank can win only with 0-1 times 6, so if we want to process the probability with KAlgebra it will be:

binomial(5,1/6,0)+binomial(5,1/6,1)

=	0.803755144033

We now want to see if player and bank are balanced, We create a function win(x), that create a correspondence between values and prizes:

win:=x->piecewise { x=0 ? -1, x=1 ? -1, x=2 ? 1, x=3 ? 1, x=4 ? 175, x=5 ? 375, ? 0 }

Let's verify the expression with KAlgebra:

sum(win(x)*binomial(5,1/6,x): x=0..5)

=	-2.01227923213e-16

The result should be 0, but because of the internal representation of numbers in the computer the result is not exact.

As we can see the problem is equilibrated and player and bank will not win or lose anything for an infinite number of games.