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Nepomuk

Het doel van deze pagina is niet ieder detail van de technologie van Nepomuk duidelijk te maken, maar een kort overzicht met voorbeelden te geven en de visie erachter te delen. Daarnaast worden er verwijzingen gegeven naar relevante informatie op het web.

Baloo is the next generation of semantic search

From KDE Applications 4.13 onwards, the 'Baloo' file indexing and file search framework replaces Nepomuk. Read details on the changes for Applications 4.13 here. Semantic Search no longer uses a single, big database, but separate, specialized databases for each type of data. The new search databases are in $HOME/.local/share/baloo. If you upgraded to KDE Applications 4.13 from an earlier KDE release, you can delete $KDEHOME/share/apps/nepomuk.

Korte uitleg

Zoals in de Woordenlijst wordt aangegeven, gaat Nepomuk over het classificeren, de organisatie en presentatie van gegevens. Het is geen toepassing, maar een component die door ontwikkelaars worden gebruikt binnen toepassingen.

Proberen

Dolphin is een van de applicaties die gebruik maakt van Nepomuk. Om het te laten werken moeten Nepomuk and Strigi geactiveerd worden in System settings -> Desktop search. The informatie-zijbalk van Dolphin laat u tags, waarderingen en opmerkingen aan bestanden toevoegen. Deze informatie wordt opgeslagen in Nepomuk en geïndexeerd door Strigi. U kunt dan zoeken naar metadata met de navigatiebalk in Dolphin. Schrijf "nepomuksearch:/" gevolgd door zoektermen.

Functionaliteiten

Nepomuk biedt verschillende 'lagen' van functionaliteit aan applicaties. De eerste en meest eenvoudige hiervan is handmatig taggen, waarderingen commentaar toevoegen, zoals gebruikt in Dolphin. Dit helpt u om uw bestanden sneller te vinden, maar is ook veel werk.

Om het vinden van bestanden met tekst te vergemakkelijken, biedt Nepomuk een tweede functionaliteit: het indexeren van de tekst in bestanden. Hiervoor maakt het gebruik van een technologie genaamd Strigi. U kunt nu ook bestanden te vinden door het invoeren van een aantal woorden waarvan u weet dat ze er in staan, of gewoon (een deel van) hun titel.

De derde laag is zeer complex, en de reden waarom Nepomuk werd opgevat als een onderzoeksproject van verschillende bedrijven en universiteiten in de Europese Unie. Dit is waar u moeilijke woorden als 'semantische desktop' en 'ontologieën' tegenkomt. Kort samengevat gaat het over context en relaties.

Indexing files

Search does not index every file on the hard drive. Its default configuration in most Linux distributions excludes some common patterns for backup files and configuration directories. You can change this in System Settings -> Desktop Search. Add folders to be excluded. If you want to turn off indexing of files entirely, just add your home folder there.

In System Settings you can also control whether Search indexes files on removable media such as USB drives and CD-ROMs. In KDE Applications 4.13 this is not available, removable media are not indexed. Future versions are planned to reintroduce this functionality.

Voorbeelden

Laat me proberen uit te leggen wat Nepomuk biedt door twee voorbeelden.

Verbindingen

Stel dat u twee weken geleden een foto hebt gekregen van een vriend. U heeft het ergens op uw computer opgeslagen. Maar hoe kan het bestand nu teruggevonden worden? Als u de locatie niet meer kunt herinneren, is dat een probleem.

Daarbij kan Nepomuk u helpen. U weet dat het bestand afkomstig was van die vriend, maar uw computer weet dat niet. Nepomuk kan die relatie wel herinneren. Zoeken naar de naam van die vriend zal daardoor de foto terugvinden!

Een andere mogelijke relatie is tussen een web pagina waarvan u tekst gekopieerd hebt en het document waarin u die tekst geplakt heeft, of twee beelden die de dezelfde auto bevatten. Dergelijke relaties kunnen soms worden geëxtraheerd uit de bestanden zelf (u zou foto's kunnen analyseren en zien wie of wat er op staat) of worden geleverd door de betrokken applicaties (zoals in het bovenstaande e-mail voorbeeld). Dit deel van Nepomuk is nog steeds in ontwikkeling, en moet worden geïntegreerd in applicaties, dus u kunt verwachten dat het nog een paar jaar duurt voor het echt tot bloei komt.

All in all, this part of Semantic Search is about making search smart. Think about how Google tries to be smart with your searches: when you search for a hotel and a city name, it shows above the website results a google map showing hotels in the city you mentioned! It might even suggest a better name in case you made a spelling mistake. Google also tries to put the most relevant information on top of the list of results, using complex calculations on relationships (links) between websites. Semantic Search will be able to offer such smart results and order them on relevancy using relationship information.

Context

These relationships can not only help you while searching for files, but also have an influence on applications and what information they present. Note that this way of using Search is still more a vision than reality! Many of the components are in place, but it is not yet integrated in applications and the desktop as a whole.

So here an example of bringing context awareness to your desktop could help you work more efficiently.

Stel dat u bezig bent met het afmaken van wat notities die u tijdens een vergadering gemaakt heeft. De telefoon gaat en iemand vraagt u om die spreadsheet met prijzen te vinden en aan te passen voor een klant. Een paar onderbrekingen later heeft u uw bureaublad vol met bestanden en vensters...

Het zou leuk zijn als alles een beetje beter te ordenen is, niet?

Enter 'activities'. These have been introduced in Plasma, and currently offer different 'desktops'. They are a bit like virtual desktops, except that the desktop itself changes, not the set of applications. Different widgets, background, things like that. Of course, since Plasma 4.3, each virtual desktop can have its own activity, bringing the two in sync.

If applications and desktop were aware of activities, you could create an activity for each of the tasks you regularly work on. So if you often have to change a spreadsheet with prices, you create an activity for that: put a Folder View (or several) widget on the desktop, add a calculator and a todo-widget to keep track of what you still have to change. Maybe even an email folder widget showing the mails with questions regarding these prices spreadsheets!

As soon as somebody asks a question about prices, you switch to this activity. Fire up your spreadsheet application. It is aware of your activity so it shows recent price spreadsheets, not the recent list of inventory you were working on in another activity! Kopete, the chat application shows your colleague who knows all about prices, as she is the person you always chat with when working on this activity.

Ga wanneer u klaar bent terug naar een andere activiteit, en opnieuw passen alle applicaties hun gedrag aan op wat u aan het doen bent.

The benefits of such an activity-based work flow go further than you might at first expect. It not only helps you find files and contact persons, but also helps in switching tasks itself. The human brain isn't very good at multi-tasking - it takes most people several minutes to get up to speed after switching tasks. Changing the 'environment' helps a lot in speeding this up, even if it's just on the screen. Compare it with getting in the mood for your holiday by packing your bag!

Of course, the above is mostly relevant to people working behind their computer in the office or at home. A gamer or a casual user would probably not use these activities much.

The scenario described above is already partially implemented in the Activities but much work is still left.

Frequently Asked Questions

The following is taken from a KDE forums post. Please feel free to add/remove/modify details if you have the time!

What is the Nepomuk Semantic Desktop, and the Strigi Desktop File Indexer?

Nepomuk and Strigi are technologies part of what delivers the abilities of the Semantic Search in KDE. Both are not used directly in the latest generation of KDE's Semantic Search (details), however their successors share much of their code and concepts. Semantic Search provides a way to organize, annotate and build relationships among the data (not only file name and content, but for example which applications used a certain file, or how it is tagged). A number of KDE applications and workspaces use this basic infrastructure to deliver features such as email tagging (KMail) or activity setup (Plasma).

The file indexing allows applications such as Dolphin to search for files based on content, name, or other meta-data (e.g. tags) associated to indexed files. Such an indexer can also index non-text files, such as PDFs, by accessing the meta-data contained in these files (author, publication information, etc.). Some KDE components ship additional "analyzers" for more file types.

Why do we need both Akonadi and Semantic Search? Aren't they doing the same thing?

In short, Akonadi provides a cache of PIM data like calendar items, contacts and email, which is used by applications like KMail and Korganizer but also the calendar build in Plasma. Semantic Search plugs in Akonadi to provide search functionality. How Baloo offers search is actually up to the application. In case of KDE PIM, Xapian is used to provide indexing and search.

How can I disable the semantic desktop?

File indexing can be disabled by adding the users' home folder to the System Settings -> Desktop Search -> Do not search in these locations list. The other functionality is part of the applications that use it and thus can't be disabled without crippling these applications. For example, to not have any search in KMail you'll have to simply remove KMail...

In versions of the KDE Applications before 4.13, Semantic Search would have components running separate from applications. This functionality could be disabled by unchecking Enable Nepomuk File Indexer in the Desktop Search section of System Settings. In case you want to turn off all semantic features, uncheck Enable Nepomuk Semantic Desktop. Notice that this will turn off search in Dolphin as well.

Notice that with the latter option some programs who use Semantic Search for meta-data will offer reduced functionality: for example KMail will not be able to tag mail, or Plasma activities will not offer additional features such as icons, or program data information.

Baloo/Semantic Search is eating 100% CPU! What do I do?

Just wait. Certain files are very hard or even impossible to Index. At the moment, this includes for example text files of over 50 megabyte. When Search finds these, it will try for a fixed time. When it fails, it will try to find out what file is broken and disable indexing it in the future. As it indexes files in batches of about 40, it has to find the problematic file by indexing that bunch in parts: first half/second half, index problematic half in pieces again, until the file is found. This can take up to 30 minutes of heavy cpu usage. Unfortunately, while Baloo will not start to index a new batch of 40 files while on battery power, it continues to determine the broken file while on battery. This behaviour has been fixed in in KDE Applications 4.13.1 (it will stop indexing immediately when the power cord is unplugged) and the time the search for each file can take has been reduced to about 10 minutes. The Semantic Search team is working on improving the indexing tools to handle more difficult files.

Why do I have nepomukservicestub processes even though I've disabled Nepomuk?

It may be a bug. Please file a bug report with a complete description of your problem and the steps to trigger it.

File indexing of PDF/some other file types doesn't work.

PDF indexing is a known issue and it's being tracked in bug #231936. If you have issues with other files, open a bug, preferably adding a sample file that shows the problem.

The program nepomukservicestub crashes at startup.

A large number of fixes for crashes has been fixed for the 4.7.2 release of the KDE Workspaces and Applications. If you encounter more, please file bugs report with detailed instructions on how to reproduce the problem, as sometimes the developers are unable to trigger them in their test setups.

The virtuoso-t process hangs at 100% CPU.

Virtuoso-t is a key component of the old Semantic Search infrastructure and in some occasions the commands sent by the other components end up taking too much time (hence showing the effect of 100% CPU).

Virtuoso is no longer used by Semantic Search starting the Applications 4.13 release.

Sometimes Nepomuk consumes too much RAM.

Many of these problems have been fixed, in other cases however the developers are unable to reproduce the issues correctly. In this case, providing examples and test cases to bug reports increase the chances to get these bugs fixed.

Search accesses the disk too much on startup.

A throttling mechanism implemented in the file indexer, versions after KDE SC 4.8 should no longer have this issue.

My Search database has been corrupted. How do I clean it?

In the extreme case your database is really corrupted and all other attempts have failed, you can delete the $KDEHOME/share/apps/nepomuk directory (where $KDEHOME is usually .kde or .kde4 in your home directory) while Nepomuk is not running. The database will be cleared, but you will also lose existing information such as tags, ratings and comments.

Advanced troubleshooting

Delen en privacy

There is one thing I need to touch on before pointing to other sources of information: sharing Nepomuk data. It'd be great if your tags, ratings and comments would be shared with others when you send them files. However, if you tagged a contact with a slightly embarrassing tag ('boring in bed') and send that persons contact information to a mutual friend you probably don't want that tag to be send as well...

This issue is of course being considered and an important subject of research by the Nepomuk researchers. For the time being, these privacy concerns, combined with technical challenges, are the reason Nepomuk context is private. Rest assured the Nepomuk team does all it can to make sure your privacy is respected.

External links

The new Search technology (post KDE Applications 4.13):

The old Search technology: