Krita/Tutorial 2

Krita tutorial - Part II

Welcome to the second part of my tutorial! This somewhat boring (but still useful!) episode will cover:

• Layer management tips and tricks

• General image editing tips and tricks

Tips:

• Unless you always draw everything on the same layer, always remember to make a new, transparent layer to draw on instead of the background layer (unless you're drawing the background). I always forget to do this, and haven't found an easy work-around yet...

• Better yet, get the habit of stuffing things into layer groups.

Layer management

Krita has lots of ways to manage layers and their visibility. I'll be addressing some of them in more detail.

Reminder tips:

• Filling a layer with a color: Backspace (background color) or Shift + Backspace (foreground color).

• Delete a layer's content: delete. Use this instead of Backspace to clear a transparent layer.

Inherit Alpha (alpha = transparency)

Suppose you want to draw some clothes. You have a "base" layer, and you want to add:

• a layer for shadows

• a layer for highlights

• a layer for patterns

• then a layer for textures

You want everything to be constrained to the area of the drawn clothes.

Alpha-inheritance locks the visibility state of a layer to only areas visible on all the layers below it, in the same stack. Basically, the layer "inherits" their visibility. Technically, this enables or disables the layer's alpha (as shown in the "channels" docker).

Note

Layers outside a layer group ("Base 1" in the example) can't affect individual layers in the group ("Group" in the above example), but it can affect the group as a whole, treating the group as a normal layer in the group.

To activate alpha inheritance for a group:

• Right-click on the group folder, select Properties..., and uncheck Alpha

• Or select the group folder, go to the Channel docker, and uncheck Alpha:

Do's and don'ts:

Comic frames

This feature works with vectors layers, which makes it handy to create comic frames. See Anitim's Comic with Krita tutorial on Youtube for more.

Layer masks and Erase mode

A layer or group's transparency mask basically dictates their visibility state:

• Black mask areas -> fully visible areas

• White mask areas -> invisible areas

• Grey mask areas -> transparent areas

• Unlike true erasing, your original drawing is still there: you can turn off the mask to make the corresponding layer or group fully visible again.

Tips:

• You can add masks to groups. Their position relative to the layers in the group doesn't seem to matter.

• You can duplicate or clone masks and move that to another layer or group, in case you need several layers to "share" masks.

Creating and editing masks

To edit a mask, you basically have to erase on it. You basically have 3 ways to give shape to a mask: create from selection, brush on erase mode and gradients.

Selection to mask

If you have a selection active, then when you make a mask, the mask will automatically take the shape of the selection.

Tip: You can feather the selection for a more smooth transition: choose Select -> Feather selection in the top menu.

Brushes on Erase mode

You can toggle on the "Erase mode" on most brushes with E. Drawing on the mask again with a not-invisible brush will allow you to "add opacity" again.

Warning

The opacity setting from the top toolbar seems to be ignored: even if you lower the opacity from there, you will still end up erasing 100% from the mask. This is rather a problem when you want just partial transparency.

However, opacity from the brush editor seems to work. So, if you need partial transparency, open up the brush editor, lower the opacity there, and erase away.

Gradients

You can also use gradients on "Erase" mode. Remember that on erase mode:

• The opaque areas of the gradient will erase the mask

• The transparent areas will leave it intact

You can create custom gradients too. The example left uses a radial gradient with several full opacity and partial opacity stops.

Custom gradients in Krita

• The black arrows represent control points with the colors left or right.

• The white arrows just determine the speed of transition.

• To add a new segment, click a segment, right-click and choose Split Segment

• Note: Each segment has independent left and right values (shown in the example). This means you can easily create "abrupt" transitions.

• If you don't want abrupt transitions, click the color button, copy the html value, open the color of the next segment, and paste the value in.

Gradient shapes: (from Tool options)

Layers on erase mode:

Erase mode works a lot like masks, except:

• It affects all the layers and groups beneath it

• The opacity setting from the top toolbar works properly when erasing with brushes.

Basically, easier than making masks, though you have to stuff corresponding layers into sub-folders.

Filter brushes, masks and layers

I'm sure you've noticed by now that Krita has: filter brushes, filter masks And filter layers?

Feature	Description	Comments
Filter brush	"Draw" filters with a brush!	-Not everything works as expected... - Many default settings start with "none", so remember to actually enter a value!
Filter mask	Apply a filter to a layer or group!	- Non-destructive editing! You can turn the filter-mask on or off at any time. - Right-click and select Properties to adjust filter settings
Filter layer	Applies filter to All layers below it	- You can tweak your whole image with a filter without flattening it first! - You can erase parts of the filter layer!

Tips:

• Switch off the visibility of filter masks or filter layers when you're drawing on affected layers, or the whole thing becomes really slow, since everything is updated dynamically.

• Can be edited like Masks/Erase layers: see section on masks.

• Also great for group or image-level adjustments like Brightness/Contrast or Hue without having to flatten the image.

Local selections

Local selections basically allow you to "save" a selection to a layer. With a local selection "on":

• When you select that layer, the local selection will be activated.

• When you switch to another layer, the local selection will turn off.

• You can also switch the local selection off manually, or have several local selections per layer.

In this example, after creating the first local selection, I then inverted it and created a second one. As you see, this allowed me to divide my (transparency-locked) base clothes layer into two, so I can color them independently.

Warning

When you create the local selection from a selection, there are two selections active at the same time:

• The original one, which will Not disappear when you switch to another layer

• And the new local selection, tied to that layer.

This will lead to some confusion when you want to switch the selections off. To switch them both off:

• Switch the original active selection off with Shift + Ctrl + A

• Toggle off the local selection by switching to another layer, or by toggling local selection off in the layer docker

Tip: As with layers and masks, you can duplicate a local selection and drag it to another layer.

Clone layers

Krita can make either duplicate or clones of layers.

• Duplicates are basically independent copies. Nothing special there.

• Clones, however, are linked to the original:
  • They cannot be painted on independently
  • But they will update automatically as the original is changed
  • You can also change the blending mode (Normal, Multiply, Overlay, etc.)

Tip: You can clone groups! The output is a single, dynamically-updated layer!

What is this for? Well:

• Re-using elements: You can move clones. When making comic or animation frames, you can more easily re-use elements.

• Organizing: You could organize say... greyscale layers in another folder, and use clones in sub-groups. So, to view only the greyscale, you can turn the greyscale folder visible. (selective viewing can also be achieved with the composition docker)

• Play with blending modes: for some reason or other, you may want to make an exact copy of your layer just to see how a clone with a different composite mode changes your image. A common-ish usage would be to clone comic frames or lineart to place at the top.

How to use all these features

Still awake? I'm going to give you an overview of features seen so far, but before that I'll address a limitation of just using alpha-locking (transparency-locking).

Filling in a flat area, locking the transparency and just shading on it will satisfy most people's requirements. There is one problem though: edge cases.

This is actually quite problematic if you're smudging near the edges to blend some colors.

Both alpha-inheritance and masks allow you to overcome this issue, because additional portions are just hidden, Krita still uses the hidden parts for calculating smudging and such.

So anyway, overview:

Feature	(Recommended) uses	Comments/Limitations
Visibility	Toggles layer visibility	(obvious features available for all layers and groups)
Layer-locking	Prevents you from drawing on layer accidentally	(obvious features available for all layers and groups)
Alpha-locking	You can only draw on areas already opaque	Issues when smudging edges
Alpha-inheritance	"Anti-spillover" for shading and texturing layers	Can't affect layers in sub-groups individually, but you can alpha-lock a group
Masks	Transparency fade effects	Transparency can only be tweaked by "erasing" for now. Opacity for erase brushes must be tweaked from the brush editing panel, not the top toolbar
Erase-mode layers	Like masks, but on a layer	Easier to use than masks, and opacity for erase brushes can be tweaked from top toolbar. Affects all layers beneath it, so caution!
Filter brush/mask/layer	Apply filters through a brush/Mask/Layer	Filter masks or layers allow non-destructive and/or partial aplication of filters. Turn off visibility when drawing to avoid slow-down.
Local selections	Save selections to a layer	Helps you further divide a layer into zones
Duplicate layers	Copy of a layer, group or mask	Good for some composite effects
Clone layers	Linked layer that updates when the original is updated	Cannot be edited independently save for moving. Allows easy re-use of elements. Cloning a group produces a single, easy to manage and dynamically-updated layer.
Vector layers*	Comic frames (See Anitim's Krita Comic tutorial on Youtube)	Vectors are editable shapes, which makes them handy for comic frames. Vector drawing is a whole genre, though Krita isn't specialized in vectors, so I won't cover it here...

The above are just some usage suggestions. I figured most of them from scratch, so I don't know how other people use them.

Additional tips:

• Greyscale layers: If you're the type of person who likes to separate greyscale and coloring layers, then you can change a layer into pure greyscale layer with Layer -> Convert Layer Type... (from the main menu) and changing it to grayscale

You will now automatically draw in greyscale on this layer, even if you use a color brush. Other layers remain color layers.

• Use Layer in the main menu for other, rather self-explanatory layer functions:
  • Save Layer as Image (works for groups)
  • Merge with Layer Below: also available from right-clicking images. Be careful if they're using different blending modes.
  • Flatten Layer
  • Mirror / Shear / Scale / Rotate
  • Layer Effects

That's it for layers, layers management and layer properties. (ugh)

Image properties and editing

Alternate name: "This is where you learn to transform and tweak stuff." A lot here happens to be basic stuff available to most image editing programs, but then again people have to start somewhere to learn the basics...

Basics

Basic stuff, that everybody should know.

• Canvas resize: Drew a torso, filling the whole canvas, and then you realized whoops? You wanted to draw the rest of the body as well? That's what Image -> Size Canvas... from the top menu is for. You can always crop later (crop tool to the left bar).

• Krita will also implement an "infinite canvas" mode soon, and I'm really looking forward to it!

• Press M to mirror the image.

• Using the move tool on a group moves all the layers in it at the same time.

• Ctrl + drag with the move tool will constrain to horizontal or vertical moves.

Colors and color adjustment operations:

• Greyscale to RGB: Scanned your image in greyscale, but now you want to color it? Image -> Convert Image Type -> Model: Red Green Blue.

• Adjust brightness/contrast: Filter -> Adjust -> Levels... or Filter -> Adjust -> Brightness/Contrast curve...

• Adjust colors: Filter -> Adjust -> HSV Adjustment.... Since I'm bad with colors, I use this all the time to fix my colors. D:

Tips:

• Since I use them often, I've assigned shortcuts to Brightness/Contrast curve (Shift + C) and HSV adjustment (Shift + H). You can too from Settings -> Configure Shortcuts....
• Cleaning up your lineart: way too many people upload their mushy grey-looking lineart scans. Making it black and white is easy:
  • Open up Filter -> Adjust -> Brightness/Contrast curve...
  • The Vertical lines specify the amounts of different grey values. Basically most greys should be white, and the other end should be converted to black.
  • So just do this:

And so you get a usable lineart! Set it to the top of the layers on "multiple" mode. Deevad also has a tutorial that covers lineart preparation (among others).

Selections

You can access 8 selection tools from the toolbar:

Tip: Drawing with path selection:

• Turn off "snapping" in the tool options. "Snapping" will cause the mouse to behave in a certain way, like jumping to a guide or snapping to angles. If you actually want this behaviour, great! If you don't, turn it off.

• Types of lines:

Actions for selections:

• To deselect, click Shift + Ctrl + A. With the rectangle or elliptical selection tools, clicking on the selection again will also deselect it.

• By default, creating a new selection replaces the existing ones. However, if you want to work more on a selection, you can make use of selection modes in tool options:

From left to right:

• Replace (the normal mode): replaces previous selections

• Intersect: only the intersection of the previous and current selections will remain active

• Add: add to the previous selection

• Subtract: remove from the previous selection

Other options from top menu Select includes:

• Invert Selection inverts the selection.

• Feather Selection... : This will make the borders of the selection more "fuzzy", i.e. smooth transition until no-selection (like a mask's grey areas).

• Grow/Shrink Selection...: exactly what it says.

• Border Selection...: creates a border from the selection. If you want to make a frame for example, you can make a rectangular selection, then make a border with it.

• Select Opaque: all visible areas are selected.

Various uses:

• Convert selection to mask: create a "transparency mask" with a selection active

• Convert selection to filter mask: create "filter mask" with a selection active

• Convert selection to local selection: create a "local selection" with a selection active

• Mask to selection: Select -> Mask To Selection from the top menu.

And of course, you want to make proper selections before transformations.

Transformation tool and deform brush

Krita's transformation tool has 2 modes: a normal-ish one, and a weird deform one called "warp" (good for deforming textures?).

Transformation tool: Free Transform Mode

The mouse icon changes when you hover near the points. Unfortunately the screenshot doesn't show this, but you can try for yourself.

• To confirm the transformation, press Enter or choose apply from tool options.

• From tool options, you can also input values manually.

For the most part, this works fantastic! Unfortunately the perspective function seems more like it's from a 3D program than a 2D program: it rotates the entire plane around the cross.

I admit I would have preferred a perspective interface that works more like Krita's perspective guides (i.e., you drag the corners individually), which is also how it works in Gimp. In the worst case, you could try switching to Gimp for perspective transform then switching back.

Transformation tool: Warp Mode

Warp mode is this strange mode where you deform the drawing by dragging on control points.

Although I haven't tried it yet, you could try it for deforming fabric texture, for example.

You can also place control points yourself with custom:

• Toggle between adding points and warping with the (Un)lock Points button

• With points unlocked, you can place new points (shown here in red)

• With points locked, dragging on them will deform the drawing

Deform brush

Finally, you can deform things with the deform brush (find it where all the other brushes are). ! I'm not sure why the default is Swirl CW, but there are actually 8 modes. Access them from Color -> Deform Options in the brush editing panel.

Here I also turned on the Airbrush mode, which makes the brush keep working as long as the mouse button is pressed down (instead of having to move the brush).

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This concludes this episode of this tutorial. As you may have realized, Krita allows you to achieve a same result with many different ways. It's up to you to choose which one you are most comfortable with.

Thie episode covers just about everything except the truly fun part of Krita (drawing), so just memorize it once and you're set.

Links:

• Krita Tutorial - Part I

• The original version of this tutorial on daviantART.

Other tutorials mentioned here:

• Deevad Revoy's pencil to painting tutorial

• Anitim's comic tutorial