Gestione della rete

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Revision as of 10:48, 28 October 2010 by Caig (talk | contribs) (Created page with "=== Il kernel ===")
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Introduzione

In parecchie distribuzioni Linux il demone NetworkManager fornisce controllo, configurabile dall'utente, delle connessioni di rete. In KDE, KNetworkManager (KDE3 e KDE4) e Gestione della rete (KDE4) sono le principali interfacce utente per NetworkManager.

Bug

Segnalare bug

Per segnalare un bug utile di Gestione della rete devi inserire i seguenti elementi informativi:

  • la versione della tua distribuzione
  • stai utilizzando NetworkManager? Su alcune distribuzioni è opzionale dato che è fuori luogo in un sistema statico tipo server. Fermati ora se non lo stai utilizzando.
  • la versione dell'oggetto Gestione della rete (NetworkManager-kde4.rpm su openSUSE, plasma-widget-network-manager in Kubuntu 9.04, plasma-widget-networkmanagment in Kubuntu 9.10, kde-plasma-networkmanagement su fedora)
  • la versione del pacchetto NetworkManager
  • la versione del pacchetto ModemManager
  • l'hardware del tuo computer se non è compatibile con vanilla x86. Sei un utente PPC? Voglio saperlo.
  • l'hardware della tua rete (utilizza lshal per scoprirlo)
  • un log di sistema da NetworkManager durante il tentativo di connessione
    • per openSUSE: /var/log/NetworkManager
    • per kubuntu: /var/log/syslog
    • per fedora: /var/log/messages
  • Per le reti wireless:
    • stai utilizzando un SSID nascosto?
    • tipo di sicurezza wireless: WEP/WPA-PSK/WPA-EAP?
    • lunghezza della chiave
    • tipo di chiave (passphrase o hex per WEP)
    • cipher (TKIP/AES)
    • meccanismi di autenticazione (TLS/TTLS/PEAP/...)
  • Per la banda larga mobile:
    • hardware
    • driver in uso (vedi dmesg quando colleghi l'hardware)
    • rete in uso
    • tipo di rete (GSM/CDMA/UMTS)
    • apn utilizzato, nel caso.
    • log di ModemManager ("killall NetworkManager", "killall modem-manager", start "modem-manager --debug", "NetworkManager --no-debug") potrebbe essere utile nel debuggin se NetworkManager rileva il tuo hardware.

E molto importante: sei in grado di connetterti con un altro client? Per esempio nm-applet in GNOME o cnetworkmanager dalla console. In questo caso prova ad allegare le relative informazioni di risoluzione dei problemi come descritto alla fine di questo articolo.

Gestione dei bug

La gestione della rete sulla maggior parte dei desktop Linux si appoggia ad un ampio e fragile insieme di componenti. Questo è necessario per affrontare il vasto numero di configurazioni differenti. Quando una connessione fallisce può essere per uno qualsiasi di una serie di motivi legati a questo insieme di base, ma i sintomi saranno di solito qualcosa come "La connessione ha ottenuto un valore di 28% e poi è fallita". I bug segnalati su bugs.kde.org verranno suddivisi in gruppi per provare e trovare a quale livello è avvenuto l'errore così che possa essere risolto da quelli responsabili.

L'insieme di componenti

L'hardware

L'hardware wireless ha un sorprendente numero di bug. Questi sono trattati con il livello successivo, se siamo fortunati.

Il kernel

This is where the actual driver that controls the hardware is located. There are many interesting bugs here too. Since the introduction of a standard wireless MAC layer in the Linux kernel, this situation is improving. Some hardware doesn't have a Linux driver, so people control it using the ndiswrapper tool, which loads Windows drivers and their bugs. You can see its output in the system log, and talk to the drivers using the iwtools set of commands.

WPA Supplicant

wpa_supplicant is a low level tool for talking to the driver, providing authentication and encryption settings. It is open source and generally of high quality. Before the advent of NetworkManager, users had to configure it manually with control files in /etc. This has been known to get people out of a tight spot occasionally. It usually logs to /var/log/wpa_supplicant.log. Nowadays it is mostly controlled remotely by....

NetworkManager

NetworkManager is the system daemon at the centre of the networking subsystem on most end user Linux installations. It has root privileges, needed to control the lower layers, and exposes some controls up to clients running in the user session via DBUS. It writes a log in /var/log. NM also controls DHCP clients as needed and rewrites /etc/resolv.conf with the DNS servers it has configured. NetworkManager also provides a SystemSettings service, which is responsible for reading your distribution's network configuration files (system wide) and feeding them into NetworkManager.

User Clients

KNetworkManager applet for KDE 4, Network Management Plasmoid under KDE 4, KNetworkManager under KDE 3, nm-applet under GNOME, and cnetworkmanager is your last life. These are responsible for

  • giving feedback on the networking status of this system,
  • communicating the user's actions to NetworkManager,
  • and for storing and communicating the user's network connection details (policy) to NM.

While they are the most visible part of the system, they are also the least important to making a successful connection. Since they share a standard interface to NetworkManager, they can be exchanged easily.

When Things Go Wrong

Where Does It Hurt?

Simple. Start at the top of the stack and work down. When you find something that works, you found the site of the problem. When you run out of things you can change, hand over to an expert (probably the responsible team at your Linux distribution).

  1. Are you actually using NetworkManager on your system? Mandriva doesn't use it. ArchLinux uses wicd. Moblin uses Connman.
  2. Try a different NetworkManager client. If that helps, continue in the next section to try and further localize the problem in Network Management. Then bugs.kde.org, product "Network Management" is the place to go.
  3. Try to configure a connection using your distro's system configuration tools, so SystemSettings picks it up. It's unlikely but worth a go.
  4. Try a manually configured connection via wpa_supplicant. The documentation is rather sparse but there are example configurations include in the package. Here is the list of supported hardware. If wpa_supplicant on its own works, NetworkManager is at fault. Talk to your distro or report it at bugs.freedesktop.org.
  5. If that didn't work, reconfigure a wireless router to use a different (weaker) encryption type or none at all. If this works, the problem is either in wpa_supplicant or the driver. Either way, take it to your distro.

It's All KDE's Fault!

If you are reading this, you will have been able to make a connection using a different NetworkManager client.

First, make sure that you are not running another client as well as Network Management. This will lead to unpredictable results. If you were, remove and restart Network Management. You can run it externally to Plasma as 

plasmoidviewer networkmanagement

if you want.

You should now try to figure out how the connection provided by Network Management differs from that provided by the other client. If you build Network Management from source you can use the tool 'qdbusfornm', which is a version of qdbus extended to handle NM's data types.

If you do not build from source, just replace 

./qdbusfornm --system

by 

qdbus --system --literal

in the command shown below. It is a bit harder to read but should give you the same output. If you use 

qdbus --system --literal

please take the time to format the output so there is one key per line, similar to the qdbusfornm output below. This is easy and just takes time, so it is better for you to do this than a developer.

The value 0 below identifies the connection. Change it if you have more than one until you find the relevant connection. 

./qdbusfornm --system org.freedesktop.NetworkManagerUserSettings/org/freedesktop/NetworkManagerSettings/0
org.freedesktop.NetworkManagerSettings.Connection.GetSettings

returns here 

a{sa{sv}}(==802-11-wireless==
 band: bg
 mode: infrastructure
 security: 802-11-wireless-security
 ssid: opensuse-guest
 ==802-11-wireless-security==
 auth-alg: open
 key-mgmt: wpa-psk
 wep-tx-keyidx: 0
 ==connection==
 autoconnect: true
 id: openSUSE
 type: 802-11-wireless
 uuid: {951cc7d9-1fa0-4525-9ab7-7199849e1b19}
 ==ipv4==
 dns-search:
 method: auto
 )

Now you should repeat using the other, working client and copy both sets of output, before attaching them securely to a bug report at bugs.kde.org. With this information we will quickly be able to implement a fix.

Crashes

If you have a crash ensure you install debugging symbols and take a backtrace. In Kubuntu you need to add the debug repository and install plasma-widget-networkmanagement-dbgsym.

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